Difficulty: Intermediate
Recovering 3D structure from images.
Controlled experiment comparing variants by random assignment to estimate causal effects of changes.
Encodes token position explicitly, often via sinusoids.
Fraction of correct predictions; can be misleading on imbalanced datasets.
Maps audio signals to linguistic units.
Set of all actions available to the agent.
Nonlinear functions enabling networks to approximate complex mappings; ReLU variants dominate modern DL.
Selecting the most informative samples to label (e.g., uncertainty sampling) to reduce labeling cost.
Combines value estimation (critic) with policy learning (actor).
Popular optimizer combining momentum and per-parameter adaptive step sizes via first/second moment estimates.
Methods like Adam adjusting learning rates dynamically.
Inputs crafted to cause model errors or unsafe behavior, often imperceptible in vision or subtle in text.
A system that perceives state, selects actions, and pursues goals—often combining LLM reasoning with tools and memory.
Continuous cycle of observation, reasoning, action, and feedback.
Organizational uptake of AI technologies.
Centralized AI expertise group.
Fabrication of cases or statutes by LLMs.
International agreements on AI.
Ensuring decisions can be explained and traced.
Unequal performance across demographic groups.
AI-driven buying/selling of financial assets.
Ensuring model behavior matches human goals, norms, and constraints, including reducing harmful or deceptive outputs.
Research ensuring AI remains safe.
Returns above benchmark.
Classical statistical time-series model.
The field of building systems that perform tasks associated with human intelligence—perception, reasoning, language, planning, and decision-making—via algori...
Mechanism that computes context-aware mixtures of representations; scales well and captures long-range dependencies.
A single attention mechanism within multi-head attention.
Protection of private legal communications.
Scalar summary of ROC; measures ranking ability, not calibration.